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本页是英语一 2014—2024 年真题原文库：完形、阅读理解、新题型按年份展开查看，2017 与 2019 内容重复、2020 为图片版已标注，附原卷 PDF。
历年英语一真题原文库
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原文来自工作区提供的历年真题 PDF。2017 文件与 2019 内容重复，2020 文件为图片版，页面已明确标注；完整试卷可打开原始 PDF 查看。
2014 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of Language
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)
As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and
mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put
the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old
band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior
moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an)
4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .
Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing
that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise
in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve
our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the
brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive
intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort
and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12
mental effort.
Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain
training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental
14 .
The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention
skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your
performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games
you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine
requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.
1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why
2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses
3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While
4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure
5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook
6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures
7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations
8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion
9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process
10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature
11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However
12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of
13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around
14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility
15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows
慕课考研
16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace
17.[A] to[B]with[C]for[D]on
18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually
19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take
20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar
答案：1-5 ABDCA
6-10 ACBDC
11-15 DABAD
16-20 BDCCB
1. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析
[选项分析] 本题考查连词。根据上下文意思，首先可以排除[B][C][D]。这句话中 where
引导一个状语语从句，主要是说记不清把钥匙放在哪里了。
2. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析
[选项分析] As the brain 2 we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments
这句话的意思是“由于大脑 2 我们称这些现象为“瞬间性老年痴呆”，由此可以排除[A]
和 [C]。[D]collapse 意为：使倒塌，使崩溃，不符合题意。fades 考察熟词僻意，通常意
思为褪色，逝去。还有衰老的意思，这里就考察是衰老的意思。从前文可以看出，文章讲的
是随着年龄增长，大脑衰老。所以选[B]
3. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题
[选项分析] [A] if 表示假设“如果”。[B] Unless “除非，如果不”。[C]Once “一
旦”。[D]While，“虽然，然而”表转折。这句话的意思是虽然表面上看起来没什么，但是
危害很大，前后位转折关系，所以选 D。
4. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均为形容词，[A] 表示“不均匀”，[B] 表示“有限的”，[C]
表示“有破坏性的，损坏的”， [D] 表示“模糊的，晦涩的”。这句话意思是这种精神能
量的缺失会给我们带来……的影响。根据上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“有限
的影响”显然不足以表达危害的严重性，故可以排除[B] 选项。[C] “带来有害的影响”最
符合作者意图。
5. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析
[选项分析] 本句话含义是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们的职业、社交还有个人……带
来有害的影响。[A] wellbeing “幸福”。[B]environment “环境”。[C] relationship “关
系”。[D] outlook “展望”。and 连接若干名词，这些名词应该为同一类，职业、社交都
是和个人相关，排除[B] 和[D]，[C] personal relationship 就是 social 的意思，不能重
复，选择[A]，个人幸福。
6. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 固定搭配
[选项分析] [A] it turns out that “原来，其实” 。[B]it finds out that“本文
发现”。[C] it points out that“指出”。[D] it figures out that“本文发现”。It
代表神经科学，这句话的意思是越来越多的精神学家们都表示，大脑其实跟肌肉一样需要练
慕课考研
习运动。关注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）来往公众号：好给力。这
里给出的是神经科学的结论，因此选择 it turns out that
7. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A] roundabouts 迂回路线。[B]responses 回应。
[C]workouts 锻炼，练习。[D]associations 协会。[C]workouts 锻炼，练习与前文出现的
exercise 都有“锻炼，练习”的意思，近义词复现，所以选[C]
8. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A]genre 类型，种类。[B]functions 功能。
[C]circumstances 情况，环境。[D]criterion 批评判断的标准、准则。这句话的意思是正
确的智力运动能极大地提高我们最基本的认知功能，根据语义，选择[B]functions 功能。
9. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A] channel 通道，频道。[B]condition 条件。
[C]sequence 顺序，序列。[D]process 过程，步骤。根据常识，思考是一个过程，并且通过
脑神经相互接触来完成，其他选项表示渠道、序列、条件，均不符合常识。因此正确答案是
表示过程的[D]选项。这句话的意思是思考是大脑神经连接必要的过程。
10. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均为动词。[A] persist 坚持。[B] believe 相信。[C] excel
超过。[D] feature 特色。本句句意，在某种程度来讲，我们在进行神经连接(直接影响人
的聪明程度)方面的特殊能力是与生俱来的。excel 有超过擅长的意思，表示在某个方面出
众，放在此处符合题意，因此正确答案为[B]。
11. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题
[选项分析] 本题需要的是一个副词，而且位于句首，因此考察的是句关系。通过前后
句意义来定答案，前一句强调的是智力是与生俱来的(inherited)，而后一句则认为是可以
通过脑力活动(mental effort)会有所波动，两句意义明显相反，故正确答案为[D] However。
12. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和短语辨析
[选项分析] 本题并不难，可以理解为：智力可以……脑力活动得到提升或出现波动。
[B]regardless of “不管，不顾”不合逻辑。[C]apart from“除……之外”也不合适。关
注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）来往公众号：好给力。[D]instead of
“代替”明显不符。故[A]为正确答案。
13. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配
[选项分析] 本题考察的是固定搭配：take a step ……，能搭配只有 A 和 C，分别指
“采取进一步措施”和“让到一边去”，无论从逻辑上还是从句意上都是 A 符合。
14. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 本题考察的是动宾搭配：improve and regain sb’s mental ……，再根
据前文一直在讲如何提高“智力”，因此可以排除 A(模式)和 B(稳定性)，C(灵活性)和 D(锋
利性，尖锐性)容易混淆，C 有一定的干扰性，但双比之下，D 更契合前文，故选 D。
慕课考研
关注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）来往公众号：好给力。
15. [标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说这个网络课程可以_____系统地改善你的记忆力和
注意力。而且此处需要填入的动词需要与 to 进行搭配。根据搭配关系直接排除 A,B。本文
的主题介绍的是使人聪明的脑力锻炼法，感情色彩是中性的，此处的 D 选项 force 排除，所
以最恰当的是 D。
16. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配
[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说这个培训课程还可以_____学习进度，并且给予详尽
的信息反馈。根据语境，空格缺少的词汇意义为跟踪学习进度，分析四个选项，直接排除 A
hold, C order; 辨析 B,D 两个选项， 与 D 选项的 pace 搭配的介词应该为 with，即，keep pace
with，所以排除，B 选项为正确答案，keep track of 意思为跟踪。
17. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和介词
[选项分析] 本题考查介词，根据空格前后语境，空格所缺少的介词意义为关于你的表
现作出详细的反馈，四个选项中只有 D 有关于的意思。
18. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说更加重要的是，它会_____调整并升级有关训练游
戏。通过前后句的语境，所用词汇均为褒义词，所以，从感情色彩方面可以排除 A，B 习惯
性的主语应该为人，直接排除。B 经常的，D 异乎寻常的代入，发现 C 比较符合题意。
19. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 空格所在句的意思是说它会经常调整并升级有关训练游戏，以促进脑力的
不断____。本题所缺少的动词需要与介词 on 搭配，A put on 穿上，增加;B carry on 执
行;C build on 在……基础上增加，构建;D take on 呈现;代入空格发现只有 C 适合，A,B,D
都不与空格后面的 development 相搭配。
20. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 本题涉及的是一个含不定式作后定的句子，所缺词汇为形容词修饰
exercise routine，根据前后情感一致的逻辑，通过后面的不定式中的关键词 increase 寺
和 vary your muscle use 等信息反推所需词汇为正向词汇，直接排除 A 和 B，D 是中性，只
有 C(有效的)符合逻辑，故为正确答案。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text
by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your choice on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George
Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.
Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search,
and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should
report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?
慕课考研
More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for
the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work,
not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know
they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster”
Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying
to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent
system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and
subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for
“fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and
ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.
Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in
your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.
It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support
is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is
minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded
from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse,
the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.
Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.
But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency —permanent
dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your
falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and
benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is
no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive
unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s
allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a
“jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through
making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a
time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement
and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.
真题解析：文章概括：政府大臣 George Osborne 提出了一个项目，鼓励失业者积极求职。
21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to
[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.
[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.
[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.
[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.
答案：B 细节题。本道题的关键是 intended to 问的是目的，所以我们也应该去寻找体
现目的性的词汇，所以在首段首句看到了 in order to ,则后面的内容即为本题答案，结合
后面找工作的内容则选择 B 选项。关注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）
来往公众号：好给力。
22.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means
[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.
[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.
[C]to register for an allowance from the government.
[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.
慕课考研
答案： C 词义句意题。先根据题干定位到第二段第三行，to sign on 前面有一个很明
显的 not，则我们可以推知，这一定是前面的反义，我们只要读懂前面半部分就可以了，前
面说应该 spend looking for work，正好和 A 选项相符，所以我们只要选择一个相反的选
项即可，则选择 C 选项。
23.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.
[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.
[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.
[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
答案:A 细节题。本道题的关键是题目中的 prompted 和 chancellor，根据 chancellor
能定位到二段第五行，再向下寻找则可发现 motivate 和 prompt 是对应的，所以看本句即可
发现和 A 选项是对应的。
24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel
[A]uneasy.
[B]enraged.
[C]insulted.
[D]guilty.
答案: A 细节题。本道题根据 unemployed 回到文中定位在第三段的最后一句，没有感
觉相关内容，所以需要向前找答案，再根据本段第一句话中的 losing a job 即可判定答案
在第二句，因此选择 A 选项。另我们会发现 BCD 三个选项趋于强烈和负面，所以，我们选择
A 选项。
25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.
[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.
[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.
[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.
答案:B 细节题。 本题题根据选项定位。A 选项根据大写字母 The British welfare system
定位到最后一段的第三句，原文是“no longer”，选项与原文反向干扰。B 选项根据
Osborne’s reforms
定位到第一段第二句，可以得出该项目可减少失业危险，所以 B 为正确答案。C 选项根
据 题 干 “the jobseekers’ allowance”定 位到 最后 一 段倒 数 第二 句， 该 句提 到 “no
fundamental right”，恰与 C 选项表意相反，所以 C 是反向干扰。D 选项根据题干
“conditional” 定 位 到 最 后 一 段 最 后 一 句 ， 其 中 只 提 到 “conditional on actively
seeking a job…”，并没有要说以后应该怎样，所以属于无中生有。
Text 2
All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any
other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few
places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in
America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of
money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates
never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit
filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.
There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.
慕课考研
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate
degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an
expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school
graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means
that they have to work fearsomely hard.
Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas
have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the
profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people
to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar
after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test
for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do
so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a
third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership
structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not
own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is
pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the
regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from
the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and
improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to
employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all,
other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their
legal professions. America should follow.
26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to
[A]the growing demand from clients.
[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.
[C]the prospect of working in big firms.
[D]the attraction of financial rewards.
答案：D。该题是因果细节题，考察细节。首先，根据段落定位原则模糊定位，定位到
前几段。其次，再精确定位，题干中有关键词“students”“law”“profession”，回到
原文寻找相关信息。第一段未发现相关信息，然后到第二段看到“The best lawyers made
skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.”
与题干有重合之处，选项 D 是该句的同义替换。A、B、C 三个选项根据原文个别词汇
“clients”“inflation”“big-firm”等进行干扰。注意，第一段的 But 是个假转折词，
并非答案处。
27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American
states?
[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.
[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.
[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.
[D]Receiving training by professional associations.
答案：C。该题是细节题，考察细节。首先根据段落定位原则定位到第三段。其次，根
据题干关键词“the costs of legal education”精确定位到第三段第二句话“One is the
excessive costs of a legal education.”问题是“which of the following adds to the
慕课考研
costs of legal education”，因此定位句的下一句就是答案，即“There is just one path
for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some
unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools accredited
by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.”
分析选项可知，选项 C 恰当概况了该句子的涵义。A 选项利用三段末尾的“This leaves
today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate
debts.”进行干扰。B 选项无中生有。D 选项根据四段最后一句出现的“training”个别词
汇进行干扰。
28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.
[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.
[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.
[D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism.
答案：B。该题是原因细节题，问来源。首先段落定位原则定位到第四段。其次，根据
题干关键词“the reform of the legal system”定位到第二句“Sensible ideas have been
around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have
been too conservative to implement them.”选项 B 即为该句的同义替换。
29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly
because it
[A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.
[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.
[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.
答案：A。该题为因果细节题，问原因。根据段落定位原则定位至倒数第二段。其次，
题干中出现“the guild-like ownership structure”，精确定位到第二句“Except in the
District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps
fees high and innovation slow.”此外，在该段最后一句提到“…keeping outsiders out
of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve
clients ethically.”从而可以得出答案选 A。
30.In this text, the author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.
[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.
[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.
[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.
答案：C。该题为文章主旨题，考察文章中心。该篇文章属于问题解决型文章，前 5 段
均在说美国法律职业存在的问题，最后一段提出了解决措施“allowing non-lawyers to own
shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by
encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus
on improving firms’ efficiency.”。因此，该篇属于问题解决型文章，选 C。其他几个
选项均为文中的个别细节，以偏概全。
Text 3
The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment,
慕课考研
as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is
far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,
a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent
years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the
telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors
have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth
to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.
What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted
in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart
entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards
are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could
distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement
the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research.
They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to
shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made
their careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how
science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life
Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life
sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,
each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature
of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored
when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were,
of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted
to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.
As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem
clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.
Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather
than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the
culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as
they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
真题解析：
慕课考研
文章主题及背景知识：此篇阅读的主题内容为“基础物理学奖”，如果对于这一背景信
息有所了解，这篇文章便可轻松看懂，关注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给
力）来往公众号：好给力。做题更是十拿九稳!与2013年相比，2014考研阅读文章同样注重
时效性，Text3便是反应了2013年3月份的一次实时事件：基础物理学基金会于3月20日晚在
瑞士日内瓦揭晓了2013年基础物理学奖!所以2015考研的同学们一定要多多关注社会热点话
题，拓展视野，丰富自己的文化背景知识，这样才能取得事半功倍的效果!
文章讲到的是关于和诺贝尔奖一样的奖金丰厚的奖项出现，这些奖项就是由一些网络的
公司或者是一些新贵们他们得出这样大量的钱，当然会遭出一些批评，这些奖项还是没法和
诺贝尔奖相比的，阶级是没法改变的，名望是没法购买的。当然这一系列的东西，在前三段
当中谈到之后，到了最后一段，作者表明他的观点，纵然这些对科学家的奖励在奖项上存在
着一些瑕疵，存在着一些不合理的地方。但是对于科学家来说，有人给你钱支持你的研究，
终归是好的。也就是说从31到35题基本上没有难题，也没有可以去争议的，也是既所得的文
章。
31.The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as
[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’s wealth.
[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.
[C]an example of bankers’ investment.
[D]a handsome reward for researchers.
答案：A。为细节题。根据题干中的 Fundamental Physics Prize 可以定位到第一段，
但除此之外就没有其他细节提示信息了，所以我们只能根据几个选项去定位，分别根据选项
中的 entrepreneurs、Nobel Prize、investment、reward 去定位，在第一段末句找到了与
A 选项相一致的句子，则判定 A 选项正确。
32.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means
[A]the profit-oriented scientists.
[B]the founders of the new award.
[C]the achievement-based system.
[D]peer-review-led research.
答案：B 。为细节题。根据题干中的 critics 定位到第三段，可知第二段没有出题，从
第三段第二句可以得出本道题的正确选项，who have made their careers in research 即
为 B 选项中的 The founders。关注微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）
来往公众号：好给力
33.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?
[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.
慕课考研
[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.
[C]legitimate concerns over the new prize.
[D]the demonstration of research findings.
答案：D 。为细节题。本道题如果从题干中看更像是例证题，但题目中说道 the case
involves 即问例子本身，所以为一道细节题。我们在第四段倒数第三句中找到了 Higgs
boson，定位到本句可以得知 nature of modern research---as well as demonstrated by……
即为本道题正确答案。
34.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel
[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.
[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.
[C]They are the most representative honor.
[D]History has never cast doubt on them.
答案：A 。为判断题。此类题型是考试中的一个难点，在题干中提示信息非常少，所以
我们需要根据每个选项分别定位。A 选项的 durance 定位到本段最后一句 time。B 选项根据
legitimacy 定位到第一句。微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：好给力）C 选项没有
提到。D 选项从最后一段可以验证确实是收到了质疑，B 选项和原文不符，可以得知答案为
A。
35.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A]acceptable despite the criticism.
[B]harmful to the culture of research.
[C]subject to undesirable changes.
[D]unworthy of public attention.
答案：A 。为主旨题。本题属于作者观点，出在最后一段则说明更多体现了文章的主旨，
因为还有一个段落对应，则我们可以在最后一段找答案，根据题干中的 award 我们可以得知
全文的最后一句明确体现了作者的观点，故选 A。
Text 4
“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities
and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.
Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis
facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences asking that it identify actions that could
be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations,
educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in
humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."
慕课考研
In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and
Social Sciences, with Duke University President Richard Brodhead and retired Exelon
CEO John Rowe as co-chairmen. Among the commission's 51 members are
top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives,
as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because
representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports
full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American
history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.
To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased
investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students'
ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased
funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to
bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study
of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad
programs.
One of the more novel ideas in the report is the creation of a "Culture Corps"
in cities and town across America to "transmit humanistic and social scientific
expertise from one generation to the next."
Unfortunately, despite 2? years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never
gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our
leading colleges and universities.
The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and
universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of
liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry
once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social
sciences as vehicles for disseminating "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and
progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying
conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets, self-reliance and
a distrust of central planning—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and
sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may
well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that congress
asked it to illuminate.
36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s
report?
[A] Critical
[B] Appreciative
[C] Contemptuous
[D] Tolerant
本篇文章选自华尔街日报。主要讲的是非自由教育以及”问题核心”这个报告。
答案解析：
36.选 A，该题是细节态度题。并非考察全文的态度，也就是说要细节定位。根据题干
慕课考研
定位原则，定位第一段 AAAS 出现之处，并且一定要找到表示评价的部分。该题迷惑性很强，
因为文章在 AAAS 后面就又”praise”所以容易误导大家选择答案 B “appreciative(欣赏
的)”，但是我们应该看到有 however，我们知道如果第一段出现转折，那此转折一定跟主
旨有关。同时各个题都与主旨相关，所以这道题应该于主旨相关，后文中的“may cause more
harm than good.”让我们知道它的还多余利，所以答案选择 A，批判性的。
37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how
to
[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education
[B] define the government’s role in education
[C] keep a leading position in liberal education
[D] safeguard individuals rights to education
37，选 C，细节题。根据自然段定位原则，36 题在第一段出题，38 题在第三段出题，
那 37 题在第二段出题的可能性就很大。同时题干定位”Influential figures in the
Congress”与“leading congressional Democrats and Republicans”同义替换。定位的
答案是 asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and …..,
individual benefactors and others" to "asking that it identify actions that could
be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations,
educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in
humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. “In humanities and
social scientific scholarship and education. “ 也 就 是 说 答 案 重 点 在 maintain
national excellence 刚好与选项 C 中的 leading position 进行同义替换。ABD 与文章不
符合。
38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests
[A] an exclusive study of American history
[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects
[C] the application of emerging technologies
[D] funding for the study of foreign languages
38，选 C，推理题。Suggest 是推理题的标志。先化选项关键词，发现选项 A 是讲 American
history 选 项 B; 是 讲 theoretical subjects; 选 项 C]emerging technologies; 选 项
Dfunding foreign languages。返回原文定位的时候，A 选项中的“exclusive 排外”并没
有在“stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history
and American government;”这句话中体现。B 选项中的理论学科没有定位点。D 选项与原
文“increased funding for teachers”以及“greater study of foreign languages,”
不符。属于张冠李戴。“encourages the use of new digital technologies.”与选项 C 同
义替换。
39. The author implies in Paragraph S that professors are
[A] supportive of free markets
[B] cautious about intellectual investigation
[C] conservative about public policy
[D] biased against classical liberal ideas
39 题选 B，属于推理题。Implies 是推理题的标志。同时根据提题干定位第五段，找
professor. “professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history
and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying
conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets, self-reliance —as
慕课考研
falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual
investigation.”A 选项中的 free markets 前面的修饰词语是 conservative or liberal
ideas 没有体现 A 选项中的 supportive。C 选项中的 conservative 与文中 progressive
public policy 不符合。D 选项中 biased 没有体现，故排除。所以选 B。
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”
[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”
[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
40.题选择 B。主旨大意题。先看其他题题干，我们锁定关键词是 report ，而 report 就
是“the heart of the matter “ 故排除 C 和 D.而我们看 A 发现文章并没有讲如何抓住“问
题核心”的各个方法。排除 A，选择 B
Part B
Directions：
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you
are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and
filling them into the numbered boxes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example,
the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths
of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most
archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many
others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley
in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico
City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill
spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of
Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one
of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the
city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment
complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there
is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample
(make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will
yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for
understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.in one case,
many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have
located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial
photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how
the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed
dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey
methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airbone technologies,
慕课考研
such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes
or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground
without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried
features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who
have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist
Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from
information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the
King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British
archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece.
He was searching for thing engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture
that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evas’s interpretations of those
engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos on the island
of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will
be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface
clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amounts of
digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.
Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground
radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detector. Archaeologists commonly use
computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional
maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and
presenting the results of archaeological research.
41 --- A --- 42. --- E ---43 --- 44 --- 45
解析：本文选自发表于 2003 年 The International History Project 的文章，题目为
Archeology.
41. 此题是首段，所以需要找寻综述性的段落。其中 A 和 E 选项是给出的，所以只需从
余下选项进行选择。B 选项中有 another，所以不会是第一段。E 选项中代词 their 没有指
代对象。F 中有 however,也不会是第一段。因此，只留下 C 和 D 选项。在 C 选项最后一句提
到 survey 和 test sample 也很重要。而在 D 选项开头就提到了 survey,而且整段都是，由
此可看出 D 是对 C 的分述。所以 C 是首段。
42. 此题排在 A 项之后，所以内容上应该是衔接的。A 项主要谈论的是大部分考古地点
是通过仔细搜寻之后找到的，而其他的很多是被偶然发现的，接着举了一些例子。接下来在
看各段首句的时候，发现 F 项中提到大部分考古地点是被考古学家们特意寻找发现的，和 A
提到的偶然发现意思相反，所以 F 正确。
43. 此题排在 E 项之后。E 选项最后一句提到天空的搜寻，而在 G 选项的开头提到地面
搜寻，正好形成对应，所以为正确答案。
44. 此时，只留下 B 和 D 选项。其中 B 选项开头提到了 in another case,所以前面一
段一定要提到 in one case, 而 D 选项中有 in one case.所以，D 选项在前。
45. 根据上面的分析，此题只能选 B。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments
into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)
慕课考研
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different
things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic,
philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have
something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the
means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is
precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means
that is the strength of music.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe
music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp
music itself.
Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the
revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing
conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to
break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as
in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the
weight of convention. 47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a
courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let
alone the performance, of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of
Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for
example in the use of dynamics. 48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with
an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was
only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was
not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior
and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.49)
Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with
the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought
and of personal expression.
Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an
imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or
ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development,
an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not
by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony,
but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 50) One could interpret
much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage
to fight it renders life worth living.
46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we
can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
【句型分析】本句主句主干为 it is the reason，why 引导定语从句，修饰 the reason。
定语从句的主干是 all we can do is articulate our reactions and not grasp music
itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有 do，不定式符号 to 省略：articulate our
reactions and not grasp music itself。our reactions 之后 to it 为其定语，it 指代
music。定语从句中还包含 when 引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason 后 why 引导的定语从句较长，
慕课考研
翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when 引导时间状语从句，其中 with words 做状语，翻译时需调整语序
到其修饰的 to describe 之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。定语从句
的主干顺译即可，其中 reaction 根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语 to it 在表达时
前置，it 指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于
音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。and 之后，
grasp 依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。
【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对
于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I
find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance,
of his works.
【句型分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句 he was a freethinking person, and a
courageous one，句首 by all accounts 为固定搭配，意思是“根据各方面说”。第二个分
句的主干为 I find courage an essential quality，其中宾语为 courage，而 an essential
quality 是宾语补足语。quality 后介词短语 for the understanding of his work 为其定
语，其中还包含一个插入结构 let alone the performance。
【翻译要点】① 第一个分句结构比较简单，句首固定搭配 by all accounts，可以调
整表达，翻译为“据大家所说”。主干顺译即可，其中 he 指代“贝多芬”，one 指代 person。
这一部分可以翻译为“贝多芬是个思想自由、充满勇气的人”。
②第二个分句，主干为“我发现勇气是一个关键品质”，quality 后为其定语 for the
understanding of his work，其中 the understanding of his work 意思为“对于其作品
的理解”，做词性转化后，可以表达为“理解其作品”，这个介词短语需要调整语序前置于
quality，可以翻译为“理解他作品的关键品质”，则第二个分句可以表达为“我发现勇气，
是理解他作品的关键品质”。还可以调整表达为“我发现勇气这一品质，是理解他作品的关
键”。
③在定语 for the understanding of his work 中的插入成分，在逻辑上 let alone
并列 the understanding 和 the performance，二者共用定语 of his works，顺译句末即可：
更不必说是演出其作品的关键品质。
【译文总结】人们普遍认为，他(贝多芬)是个思想自由、充满勇气的人，我发现勇气这
一品质，是理解他作品的关键，更不必说是演出其作品的关键。
48. Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and
then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by
composers before him.
【句型分析】本句主干为 Beethoven’s habit was used by composers before him。
本句的谓语为被动语态，主语 habit 后介词短语 of increasing the volume with an extreme
intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage 为其定语，是
由介词 of 与 and 并列的两个动名词短语 increasing the volume with an extreme intensity
和 then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage 构成。
【翻译要点】①本句主干较为简单，但是主语 habit 后有很长的后置定语：Habit of
increasing the volume…，其中“habit”可以词性转换为动词“习惯”，而中文常常先表
达次要信息，则这一部分可以翻译一句话“贝多芬习惯增加…”，置于句首。第一个动名词
短语中，with an extreme intensity 为状语，表达时需调整语序到其修饰的 increasing the
volume 前，根据语境，volume 意思为“音量”，则 increasing 可以翻译为“增高”。这一
慕课考研
部 分 可 以 翻 译 为 “ 最 大 限 度 来 逐 渐 增 高 音 量”。 第 二 个 动 名 词 短 语 then abruptly
following it with a sudden soft passage，状语 with a sudden soft passage 需调整到
following it 前表达，其中 passage 根据语境，意思为“乐段”。则这一部分可以表达为
“然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。整合本句主语与其定语，可以翻译为“贝多芬习惯最大限度
来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段”。微信公众号：kaoyanyun（或者搜索中文：
好给力）来往公众号：
②本句主干意思为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用贝多芬的习惯”。中文语义重心在后，
将本部分翻译在句末即可。由于前句译文已经提到这种习惯，则这部分可以表达为“在他之
前，作曲家很少使用这种习惯”，结合语境还可以表达为“在他之前，作曲家很少使用这种
方式”，或者“在他之前，只有极个别作曲家会使用这种方式”。
【译文总结】贝多芬习惯最大限度来逐渐增高音量，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段，在他之
前，作曲家很少使用这种方式。
49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was
associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated
freedom of thought and of personal expression.
【句型分析】本句为完全倒装，主句的主干是 his view of freedom was Especially
significant。
his view of freedom 后为 which 引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰 freedom，关系代词
which 在定语从句中作主语。of the individual 修饰 the rights and responsibilities，
冒号后进行解释说明。
【翻译要点】
① 本句主干为完全倒装，但是在翻译时，顺译即可，其中 his 指代“贝多芬的”，主
干可以表达为：尤为重要的是，他(贝多芬)对于自由的看法….。
② which 引导英语从句，修饰 freedom，表达时翻译成另一句话“对于他而言，这种自
由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的”，其中 for him 还可以调整表达为“他认为”。
③冒号后进行解释，可以翻译为：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
【译文总结】尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法，他认为，这种自由是与个人的权利
和责任联系起来的：他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。
50. One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering
is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
【句型分析】本句主句主干为 One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven，
之后 by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders
life worth living 为状语，修饰 interpret。其中 that 引导宾语从句 suffering is
inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living，为 saying 的宾
语，宾语从句中 it 指代 suffering。
【翻译要点】①本句主语 one，可以翻译为“人们”或者“我们”。主干可以翻译为“我
们可以解释贝多芬的大部分作品”。
②主干之后的状语，可以翻译为“通过说痛苦是无法避免的，但是与之相抗争的勇气使
得生命值得继续。”
③整合主干，可以表达为“我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，
但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。”
【译文总结】我们可以这样解释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但是与痛苦
抗争的勇气使得生命值得继续。
慕课考研2015 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins,
sharing about 1 % of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University
of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects
which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people
were used in both 5
While 1 % may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler,
professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even
7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people
who 8 our kin."
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in
friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is
difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar
environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms
working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13
"functional kinship" of being friends with 14
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem
to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why
human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment
being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people's 18 to befriend those of
similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were
drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that
all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
.1. (-3¾-14 yf)
1. [ A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2. [ A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [DJ advised
3. [ A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4. [ A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5. [AJ tests [BJ objects [CJ samples [DJ examples
6. [A] insignificant [BJ unexpected [C] unreliable [DJ incredible
7. [ A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8. [ A] resemble [BJ influence [C] favor [DJ surpass
9. [AJ again [BJ also [CJ instead [D] thus
10 . [ A] Meanwhile [BJ Furthermore [C] Likewise [DJ Perhaps
11. [ AJ about [BJ to [CJ from [DJ like
r
12. [ A] dive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit
13. [A] according to [BJ rather than [CJ regardless of [DJ along with
14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits
15. [ AJ later [BJ slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16. [ AJ forecast [B] remember [CJ understand [D] express
17. [A] unpredictable [BJ contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] endeavor [BJ decision [CJ arrangement [D] tendency
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [ A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
.2. (-3¾-14 yf)
Text 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don't abdicate, they die in
their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in
the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So,
does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that
mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent
uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When
t
public opinion is paricularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco
regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of
national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs'
continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe
is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting
Vatican city and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and
Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the
difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of
national unity as they claim to be, their very history - and sometimes the way they
behave today - embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a
time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality
and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic
families should still be the symbolic heart of modem democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old
aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not
horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the
international 1 %, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to
maintain the right image.
While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some
time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her
rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles,
who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the
world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because
they provide a service - as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.
Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans,
who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
.3. (-3¾-14 yf)
2 1. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain
[ A] eased his relationship with his rivals.
[B] used to enjoy high public support.
[CJ was unpopular among European royals.
[DJ ended his reign in embarrassment.
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[ AJ to give voters more public figures to look up to.
[BJ to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
[CJ owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment.
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[ AJ Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[BJ The role of the nobility in modem democracies.
[CJ The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles
[ A] fails to adapt himself to his future role.
[BJ fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
[CJ takes republicans as his potential allies.
[D] takes a tough line on political issues.
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[ A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[BJ Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[DJ Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
.4. (-3¾-14 yf)
Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme
Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone
without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,
particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through
the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues,
for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice.
Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can
and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the
contents of a smartphone - a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to,
say, going through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate
the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an
arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering
his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial
history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The
development of "cloud computing", meanwhile, has made that exploration so
much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping
sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.
Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and
protected by the Constitution's prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of
line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to
obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate
Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and
they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or
altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room
for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New,
disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's
protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility
of digital information in the 2 1st century with the establishment of automobile use
as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for
the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the
Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
.5. (-3¾-14 yf)
26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
[ A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[B] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.
[CJ check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.
[DJ prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of
[ A] disapproval.
[BJ indifference.
[C] tolerance.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one's phone contents is comparable to
[ A] going through one's wallet.
[B] handling one's historical records.
[C] scanning one's correspondences.
[DJ getting into one's residence.
29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[ A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[BJ the court is giving police less room for action.
[CJ phones are used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens' privacy is not effectively protected.
30. Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that
[ A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[BJ principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
[CJ California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.
[DJ new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
.6. (-3¾-14 yf)
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its
peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy
follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic
mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many
published research findings.
"Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,"
writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the
journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).
Manuscripts will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal
editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.
The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:
"The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the
application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of
Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,
a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily an
advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the
establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting
impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but
hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model
their approach after Science."
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the
policy is "a most welcome step forward" and "long overdue". "Most journals are
weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I
think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is
more essential than expert review," he says, but he noted that biomedical journals
such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical
Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyse data, but
statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to
David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote
in 20 12, but journals should also take a tougher line, "engaging reviewers who are
statistically literate and editors who can verify the process". Vaux says that
Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a
weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify 'the papers
that need scrutiny' in the first place".
.7. (-3¾-14 yf)
3 1. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
[ A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
32. The phrase "flagged up" (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
[ A] found.
[B] revised.
[CJ marked.
[D] stored.
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[ A] pose a threat to all its peers.
[BJ meet with strong opposition.
[CJ increase Science's circulation.
[D] set an example for other journals.
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
[ AJ adds to researchers' workload.
[BJ diminishes the role of reviewers.
[CJ has room for further improvement.
[DJ is to fail in the foreseeable future.
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[ AJ Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
[BJ Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[CJ Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' Desks
[DJ Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
.8. (-3¾-14 yf)
Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the
"unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had
collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting
mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it's us, human beings,
we the people who create the society we want, not profit."
Driving her point home, she continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the
absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business
could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This
same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News
International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it
had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes - finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the
World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his
predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge - the wider issue of
dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of
up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged
by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 200 1 to be the
point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such
widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the
astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in
her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired
how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew
nothing.
In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not
be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we
should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that
the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered
are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation,
sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have
t
been justice, fairness, tolerance, proporionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader
understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.
It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may
not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked
no questions, gave no instructions - nor received traceable, recorded answers.
.9. (-3¾-14 yf)
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
[ A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.
[BJ companies' financial loss due to immoral practices.
[CJ governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
[DJ the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[ AJ Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.
[BJ more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
[CJ Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
[DJ phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence
[ A] was hardly convincing.
[BJ centered on trivial issues.
[CJ revealed a cunning personality.
[D] was part of a conspiracy.
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
[ AJ a marginalized lifestyle.
[BJ unfair wealth distribution.
[CJ generally distorted values.
[DJ a rigid moral code.
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[ AJ The quality of writings is of primary importance.
[BJ Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
[CJ Common humanity is central to news reporting.
[DJ Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
�* ( - ) iA.� .10. (-3l 14 yf)
PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4 1-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark
your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the
sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out
relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English
grammar. (4 1)_______________ You begin to infer a context
for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is
involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.
But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of
active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you
feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence
and clues. (42) _____________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track
for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or
"true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless
relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) ______
___________ This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely
relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical
periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings
of the same words on the page - including for texts that engage with fundamental
human concerns - debates about texts can play an important role in social
discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular
interest in reading it. (45)_______________ Such dimensions
of reading suggest - as others introduced later in the book will also do - that we
bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn't
then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more
worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and
act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together,
they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to
your surrounding textual environment.
�i¼ ( - ) i:i\.M .11. (4l-14 yf)
[ A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the
requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it
for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ
considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender,
ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain
interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using
clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become
relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible
links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given
sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the
author intended.
[ E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be
significant to you, or about its validity - inferences that form the basis of a
personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[ F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by
the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.
[ G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what
we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization
or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its
language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge,
belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
�* ( - ) iA.� .12. (-3l 14 yf)
PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10
points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries, a tide of emigration - one of the great folk wanderings of history -
swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and
diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped
the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces - the
immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national
characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of
necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came
successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen,
Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and
traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar
to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the
sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused
significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But
the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society
in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now
the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the
15th-and- 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving
Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South
America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded
craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough
food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers
died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew
the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost
inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues'
distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." The colonists' first glimpse of
the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness
and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the
way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw
material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
�* ( - ) iA.� .13. (-3l 14 yf)2016 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text． Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on
the ANSWER SHEET． (10 points)
In Cambodia，the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male． It may involve not only his parents
and his friends，１those of the young women， but also a matchmaker． A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his
own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations， or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a
spouse， giving the child little to say in the selection． 4 ， a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen． 5
a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family．
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair． Formerly it lasted three days， 7 by the 1980s it more
commonly lasted a day and a half． Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing． Parts of the
ceremony involve ritual hair cutting， 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s
wrists ，and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 ．Newlyweds
traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year， 13 they can build a flew house
nearby．
Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ，but not common ．Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval． Each
spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage， and jointly acquired property is 18 equally． Divorced
persons may remarry， but a gender prejudice 19 up ．The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can
remarry 20 the woman must wait the months．
1． [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to
2． [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on
3． [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone
4． [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example
5． [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless
6． [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through
7． [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so
8． [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create
9． [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying
10． [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving
11． [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union
12． [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live
13． [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if
14． [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid
15． [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed
16． [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever
17． [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed
18． [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn
19． [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks
20． [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in that
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts． Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D． Mark
your answers on the ANSWER SHEET． (40 points)
Text 1
France， which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion， has decided its fashion industry has lost an
absolute right to define physical beauty for woman． Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that
would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways．The parliament also agreed to ban websites
that“incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting．
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives． They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end
up impinging on health． That’s a start． And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models
from starving themselves to death –as some have done．It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for
the signal it sends women， especially teenage girls， about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their
individual worth．
The bans， if fully enforced ，would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be
arbiters of their beauty ．And perhaps faintly， they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character
and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques ．
The French measures， however， rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards
beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing． Under the law， using a fashion model that does not meet a
government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85，000 fine and six months in prison．
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body
types． In Denmark， the United States， and a few other countries， it is trying to set voluntary standard for models
and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement．
In contrast to France’s actions， Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding
the age， health， and other characteristics of models ．The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly
states：“We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals， especially on
young people．” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to
Copenhagen． Fashion Week， which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute ．But in general it relies on a name-and
–shame method of compliance．
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step． Even
better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry．
21． According to the first paragraph， what would happen in France?
[A] Physical beauty would be redefined [B] New runways would be constructed
[C] Websites about dieting would thrive [D] The fashion industry would decline
22． The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to
[A] heightening the value of [B] indicating the state of
[C] losing faith in [D] doing harm to
23． Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?
[A] The French measures have already failed [B] New standards are being set in Denmark
[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure [D] Its inherent problems are getting worse
24． A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
[A] setting a high age threshold for models [B] caring too much about models’ character
[C] showing little concern for health factors [D] pursuing perfect physical conditions
25． Which of the following may be the best title of the text?
[A] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals [B] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France
[C] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty [D] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry
Text 2
For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country． In Britain this has had a curious
result． While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family． Shakespeare and the National
Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country， this has limited political support．
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of
natural places for everyone forever”． It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they
could experience “a refreshing air”． Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts． They
don’t make countryside any more， and every year concrete consumes more of it ．It needs constant guardianship．
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment． The Conservatives’ planning
reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorizing “off–plan” building where
local people might object． The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable ． Labour likewise
wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development． The Liberal Democrats are silent Only
Ukip， sensing its chance， has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land． Its
Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties．
The sensible place to build new houses， factories and offices is where people are， in cities and towns where
infrastructure is in place． The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million
houses in the London area alone， with no intrusion on green belts． What is true of London is even truer of the
provinces．
The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk． The issue is not the need for
more houses but， as always， where to put them．Under lobby pressure， George Osborne favours rural new-build
against urban renovation and renewal． He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets． This is not a free
market but a biased one． Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow． They do so best where
building sticks to their edges and respects their character． We do not ruin urban conservation areas． Why ruin rural
ones?
Development should be planned， not let trip， After the Netherlands， Britain is Europe’s most crowded
country． Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence， while
still permitting low-density urban living． There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern
Portugal， Spain or Ireland． Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political
spectrum．
26． Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside
[A] is not well reflected in politics [B] is fully backed by the royal family
[C] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age [D] has brought much benefit to the NHS
27． According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being
[A] largely overshadowed [B] properly protected
[C] effectively reinforced [D] gradually destroyed
28． Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development
[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building
[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation
[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence
29． The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference
[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas
[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis
[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure
[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas
30． In the last paragraph the author shows his appreciation of
[A] the size of population in Britain [B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain
[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain [D] the political life in today’s Britain
Text 3
“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” Wrote Milton Friedman， a Nobel Prize-winning
economist “That is， to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits．” But even if you
accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s
money， things may not be absolutely clear-act． New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for
companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption．
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR， according to an
estimate by EPG， a consulting firm． This could add value to their businesses in three ways． First， consumers may
take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality． Second， customers may be willing
to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps． And third， through a more
diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others．
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all
three． A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）．It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their
investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect．
The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to
get more lenient penalties． Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence， rather than
their CSR stand， that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not
receive lower fines．
In all， the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits， they do
seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR． “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial
labour-rights concern， such as child labour， or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that
generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials，” says one researcher．
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on
CSR． Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect， rather than the other possible
benefits， when they decide their do-gooding policies．But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get
into trouble with the law， evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment．
31． The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with
[A]uncertainty [B]skepticism [C]approval [D]tolerance
32． According to Paragraph 2， CSR helps a company by
[A]guarding it against malpractices [B]protecting it from being defamed
[C]winning trust from consumers． [D]raising the quality of its products
33． The expression “more lenient”(line 2，Para．4)is closest in meaning to
[A]less controversial [B]more lasting [C]more effective [D]less severe
34． When prosecutors evaluate a case， a company’s CSR record
[A]comes across as reliable evidence [B]has an impact on their decision
[C]increases the chance of being penalized [D]constitutes part of the investigation
35． Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?
[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown
[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated
[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked
[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry
Text 4
There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint． Exactly
when that day will be is a matter of debate． ”Sometime in the future，” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010．
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside， there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print． The
infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses， delivery trucks – isn’t just expensive; it’s
excessive at a time when online – only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints． Readers are
migrating away from print anyway． And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts，
revenue from print is still declining．
Overhead may be high and circulation lower， but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake，
says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti．
Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business， but only if they go about doing it
the right way． “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them，” he said， “but if you
discontinue it， you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you．”
Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway． Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its
DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming． “It was seen as blunder，” he said． The move turned out to be
foresighted． And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print，” he said ．“I would
raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product．”
The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor， the idea goes， and they’d feel like they
were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in． “So if you’re overpaying for print， you could feel
like you were helping，” Peretti said． “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate
additional revenue．” In other words， if you’re going to make a print product， make it for the people who are
already obsessed with it． Which may be what the Times is doing already． Getting the print edition seven days a
week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription．
“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business，”
Peretti remarked． “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make
sense when the market changes and the world changes． In those situations， it’s better to be more aggressive that
less aggressive．”
36． The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to
[A] the increasing online ad sales [B] the pressure from its investors
[C] the complaints from its readers [D] the high cost of operation
37． Peretti suggests that ，in face of the present situation， the Times should
[A] make strategic adjustments [B] end the print edition for good
[C] seek new sources of readership [D] aim for efficient management
38． It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5and 6 that a “legacy product”
[A] helps restore the glory of former times [B] is meant for the most loyal customers
[C] will have the cost of printing reduced [D] expands the popularity of the paper
39． Peretti believes that, in a changing world
[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected [B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving
[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges [D] legacy businesses are becoming outdated
40． which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once [B] Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand
[C] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion [D] Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list
A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45)． There are two extra subheadings． Mark your answers on
the ANSER SHEET． (10 point)
[A] Create a new image of yourself
[B] Decide if the time is right
[C] Have confidence in yourself
[D]Understand the context
[E]Work with professionals
[F]Make it efficient
[G]Know your goals
No matter how formal or informal the work environment， the way you present yourself has an impact． This is
especially true in the first impressions． According to research from Princeton University ， people assess your
competence， trustworthiness， and likeability in just a tenth of a second， solely based on the way you look．
The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much
broader． Norms have evolved and fragmented． In some settings， red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;
in others not so much． Plus， whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like
LinkedIn． Chances are， your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago． Millennials，
it seems， face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal
branding． It can be confusing．
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull
off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:
41_________________________
As an executive coach， I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions-when looking for a
new job， stepping into a new or more public role， or changing work environments． If you’re in a period of change
or just feeling stuck and in a rut， now may be a good time． If you’re not sure， ask for honest feedback from trusted
friends， colleagues and professionals． Look for cues about how others perceive you． Maybe there’s no need for
an upgrade and that’s OK
42________________________
Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have． Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one
person， the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image． For another， it may be
to be perceived as more approachable， or more modern and stylish． For someone moving from finance to
advertising， maybe they want to look more “SoHo．” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )
43 ________________________
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist． What are the norms of your environment? What
conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present
themselves? The better you understand the cultural context， the more control you can have over your impact．
44 _______________________
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context． Hire a personal stylist， or use
the free styling service of a store like J． Crew． Try a hair stylist instead of a barber． Work with a professional
photographer instead of your spouse or friend． It’s not as expensive as you might think．
45 ________________________
The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to
wear． Instead， use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue． Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to
options． Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone， one article of clothing at a time．
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese． Your
translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET． (10 points)
Mental health is our birthright． (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the
same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone． Mental health can’t be learned， only
reawakened． It is like the immune system of the body， which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise
can be weakened， but which never leaves us． When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t
know how to gain access to it， mental health will remain hidden from us． (47) Our mental health doesn’t really go
anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being
restored in an instant．
Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our
common sense． It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously， to laugh
at ourselves， to see the bigger picture， and to see that things will work out． It’s a form of innate or unlearned
optimism． (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if
they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are． Mental health is the source of creativity for
solving problems， resolving conflict， making our surroundings more beautiful， managing our home life， or
coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier． It gives us patience for
ourselves． and toward others as well as patience while driving， catching a fish， working on our car， or raising
a child．It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature， in culture， in the flow of our daily
lives．
(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has
been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions． It has been available even in the most mundane of life
situations to show you right from wrong， good from bad， friend from foe． Mental health has commonly been
called conscience， instinct， wisdom， common sense， or the inner voice， We think of it simply as a health and
helpful flow of intelligent thought． (50) As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available
and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily．2017 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
你提供的 2017 PDF 内容与 2019 Text 1 重复，暂不作为 2017 原文依据。
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart
phone. ___1___ of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones__2__on batteries, and batteries
can die faster than we realize.__3__you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you __4__can’t find north, we
have a few tricks to help you navigate__5__to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself well__6__ a trail, but not in a completely __7__area, you have to answer two questions:
Which __8__is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly
live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.__9__, if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should
__10__see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be __11__how quickly
identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another__12__:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.__13__,even in dense forest, you should able
to __14__gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve__15__ the woods. Head toward
these __16__ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for __17__ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then
walk toward the glow of light pollution.
__18__,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the __19__we leave on the landscape.
Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can __20__you to civilization.
1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All
2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come
3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until
4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally
5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away
6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone
7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar
8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place
9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides
10.[A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually
11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused
12.[A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result
13.[A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example
14.[A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate
15.[A] form [B] through [C] beyond [D] under
16.[A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks
17.[A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited
18.[A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally
19.[A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings
20.[A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on
the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year,
any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for
wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to
restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term
decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of
England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing
this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather
than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven
years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can
hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly
capitalism”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information,
and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the
expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange
Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for
senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism .” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall
Street Journal finds that “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure
of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can
sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their
own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society
has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
[A] enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
[B] help corporations achieve larger profits
[C] build a new system of financial regulation
[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
[A] the conditions for generating quick profits.
[B] governments’ impatience in decision-making.
[C] the solid structure of publicly traded companies.
[D] “short-termism” in economic activities.
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
[A] indirect. [B] adverse. [C] minimal. [D] temporary.
24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate
[A] the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
[B] the significance of long-term thinking.
[C] the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.
[D] the prevalence of short-term thinking.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
[B] Patience as a Corporate Virtue
[C] Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
[D] Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
Text 2
Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is
often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be
pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”— is
helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent
grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to
keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started
decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they
struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow
all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more
about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big
penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success
because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate
on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions,
state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so
better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make
students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,
which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for
higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a
school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’
incentives seem to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
[A] The change of course catalogs.
[B] Students’ indifference to GPAs.
[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.
[D] The influence of consumer culture.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
[A] To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
[B] To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
[C] To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
[D] To increase universities’ income from tuition.
28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to
[A] obtain more financial support.
[B] boost their student enrollments.
[C] improve their teaching quality.
[D] meet local governments’ needs.
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
[A] To counterbalance each other.
[B] To complement each other.
[C] To be identical with each other.
[D] To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
[A] assessing its feasibility.
[B] analyzing the causes behind it.
[C] comparing different views on it.
[D] listing its long-run effects.
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus,” by
Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of
speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity,
or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues
to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like
humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and “Humans”.
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a
Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what
consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles,
for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their
reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes
and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to
anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat
How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the
ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their
own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop
AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy
AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI
systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s
highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it
[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world.
[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years.
[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today.
[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies
32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness
[A] helps explain artificial intelligence.
[B] can be misleading to robot making.
[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series.
[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it
33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles
[A] can hardly ever be found.
[B] is still beyond our capacity.
[C] causes little public concern.
[D] has aroused much curiosity.
34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of
[A] affirmation
[B] skepticism.
[C] contempt
[D] respect.
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme
Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them
billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on
certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the
business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax
for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t
charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule
becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an
opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state’ ability to seek long-term prosperity
and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on
online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been
collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being
shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though
third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to
avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which
provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday,
states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The
losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face
headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy
group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”
36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will
[A] better business’ revolutions with states.
[B] put most online business in a dilemma.
[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax.
[D] force some states to cut sales tax.
37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions
[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce.
[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years.
[C] were widely criticized by online purchases.
[D] were consider unfavorable by states.
38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule has
[A] hindered economic development.
[B] brought prosperity to the country.
[C] harmed fair market competition.
[D] boosted growth in states’ revenue.
39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
[A] Internet entrepreneurs.
[B] Big-chair owners.
[C] Third-party sellers.
[D] Small retailers.
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author
[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.
[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making.
[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them.
[D] cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these
paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.
Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in
the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to
talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments –from a verbal fight or tennis game to a
reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of
what it means to “win” an argument.
B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad
arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad
arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to
ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons
on the opposite side.
C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position,
formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time
you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully
and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights,
verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be
almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball
back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so
many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way...to
get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a
mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways
misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can
win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can
call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their
positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.
G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state,
and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each
other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that
full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher
minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s
positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
41. →42.→ F→ 43. → 44.→ C→45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be
written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific
papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad of the medical literature frequently was. I came to
recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo
of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.
46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and
the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published
on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that
the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively
encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has
been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published
twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the
quality, then, count the number.
48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of
quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say
the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an
important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable if it were not for
the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for
them in return for similar favors.
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails
considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative
metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is
both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters
and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would
have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.
48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of
quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.
49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in
their future publication or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.
50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that
our institutions encourage that kind of science.2018 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care,
friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.
4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution,
their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts
humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss
study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly
higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.
11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as
young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an
adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container,
smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half
16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.
Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a
new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester
participated in a follow-up activity.
1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from
2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest
3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price
4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again
5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When
6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains
7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare
8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to
9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle
10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters
11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic
12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight
13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over
14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted
15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside
16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered
17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked
18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled
19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance
20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitable
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next
1
presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a
University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or
day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering
— have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.
This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The
Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it
eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually
boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the
medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be
rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on
memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of
fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the
traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will
be able to do so without going into debt.
The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism:
Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs
smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and
virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the
safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned
income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job
creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to
those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs
would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21.Who will be most threatened by automation?
[A] Leading politicians.
[B]Low-wage laborers.
[C]Robot owners.
[D]Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?
[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.
[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.
[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on
[A] creative potential. [B]job-hunting skills.
[C]individual needs. [D]cooperative spirit.
24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at
[A]encouraging the development of automation.
[B]increasing the return on capital investment.
[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.
[D]preventing the income gap from widening.
25.In this text, the author presents a problem with
[A] opposing views on it. [B]possible solutions to it.
[C]its alarming impacts. [D]its major variations.
2
Text 2
A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President
Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through
other source, Not a president’s social media platform.
Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people
may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential
campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake
news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of
Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in
cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use
“distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially
those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating
themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United
States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater
political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting
them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role
in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake
news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say
the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words,
the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal
responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking
skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on
[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.
[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.
[C] the administrations ability to handle information.
[D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share
28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people
[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.
[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.
[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.
[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is
[A] readers outdated values.
[B] journalists’ biased reporting
[C] readers’ misinterpretation
[D] journalists’ made-up stories.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend
[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.
[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.
3
Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and
DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial
intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could
also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information
commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the
NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement
which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be
many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have
been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to
learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate
the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it.
But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives
the data value.
The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy
law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way
the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the
data of countless millions more.
The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not
address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save
lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If
software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm
has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic
consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a
welcome start.
31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with
[A] empty promises.
[B] tough resistance.
[C] necessary adjustments.
[D] sincere apologies.
33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.
[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.
[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.
35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
[A] ambiguous. [B] cautious.
[C] appreciative. [D] contemptuous.
4
Text 4
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,
the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded
liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS
is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter
product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to
the new reality
And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the
USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status
quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,
leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.
Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the
system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that
would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other
survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting
postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree
health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point
out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform.
There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80
percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That
common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal
special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign
that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,
however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by
[A]. its unbalanced budget.
[B] .its rigid management.
[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.
[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.
37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to
[A]. the interference from interest groups.
[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.
[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.
[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.
38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by
[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.
[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.
[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.
[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.
39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with
[A] respect. [B] tolerance.
[C] discontent. [D] gratitude.
40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days
[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese
[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure
[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
5
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these
paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.
Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates
for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and
Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected
on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was
selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.
B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story
library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood,
Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate
wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch
Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last
quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States
emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and
politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.
D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place
within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.
It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once
walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl
Harbor.
E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history
and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.
Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is
considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was
the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the
interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental
curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and
two stained glass rotundas.
G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were
constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded
conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of
the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.
41. →C→ 42. → 43. → F→ 44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation
should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By
the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under
the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and
performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional
actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or
6
farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread
desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was
a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature
showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the
choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the
professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were
quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele,
and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit;
and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since
the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses
established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of
literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of
plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the
number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize
how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably
there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.2019 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation
apps are available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods
without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we
realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find
north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is
to follow the land.
When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land,
you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area?
And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and
on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2 O you find,
you should 10 see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may
be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 ,
even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads,
train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these
16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as
fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the
19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can
20 you to civilization.
2019–2
1. A. Some B. Most C. Few D. All
2. A. put B. take C. run D. come
3. A. Since B. If C. Though D. Until
4. A. formally B. relatively C. gradually D. literally
5. A. back B. next C. around D. away
6. A. onto B. off C. across D. along
7. A. unattractive B. uncrowded C. unchanged D. unfamiliar
8. A. site B. point C. way D. place
9. A. So B. Yet C. Instead D. Besides
10. A. immediately B. intentionally C. unexpectedly D. eventually
11. A. surprised B. annoyed C. frightened D. confused
12. A. problem B. option C. view D. result
13. A. Above all B. In contrast C. On average D. For example
14. A. bridge B. avoid C. spot D. separate
15. A. from B. through C. beyond D. under
16. A. posts B. links C. shades D. breaks
17. A. artificial B. mysterious C. hidden D. limited
18. A. Finally B. Consequently C. Incidentally D. Generally
19. A. memories B. marks C. notes D. belongings
20. A. restrict B. adapt C. lead D. expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
2019–3
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of
big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed
10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of
this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to
restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger
benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations,
to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded
companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a
giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience
as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”
rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he
notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient
investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s
efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been
dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,
quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets.
“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term
investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange
Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies
to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping
reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds
that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the
tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who
hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting
rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for
2019–4
executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all
stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest
in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to .
A. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility
B. help corporations achieve larger profits
C. build a new system of financial regulation
D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate .
A. the conditions for generating quick profits
B. governments’ impatience in decision-making
C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies
D. “short-termism” in economic activities
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can
be .
A. indirect B. adverse C. minimal D. temporary
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate .
A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”
B. the significance of long-term thinking
C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”
D. the prevalence of short-term thinking
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
2019–5
Text 2
Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages)
over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in
higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But
another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade
forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a
low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts
in calculating a student’s overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges
continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve
their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually
limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if
they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save
for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to
get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about
the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their
degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said
Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success
because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content
that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs
as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success
on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by
boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will
likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve
gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to
consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a
college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates
who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and
2019–6
colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
A. The change of course catalogs.
B. Students’ indifference to GPAs.
C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.
D. The influence of consumer culture.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?
A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
B. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.
C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.
28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to .
A. obtain more financial support B. boost their student enrollments
C. improve their teaching quality D. meet local governments’ needs
29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?
A. To counterbalance each other. B. To complement each other.
C. To be identical with each other. D. To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by .
A. assessing its feasibility B. analyzing the causes behind it
C. comparing different views on it D. listing its long-run effects
2019–7
Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or,
The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric
light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would
foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental ques-
tions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans hu-
mans?”
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate
the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated
by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those
recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone repro-
duced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a
situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is
and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The
coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions.
Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be
a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and
what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as
sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation
is a difficult programming problem.
Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of
ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency
that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.
Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to
establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released
its AI ethics strategy this spring.
On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall
harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would
violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate
2019–8
international laws or human rights.
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea
that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.
To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent
machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants
and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.
31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it .
A. fascinates AI scientists all over the world
B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years
C. involves some concerns raised by AI today
D. has sparked serious ethical controversies
32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness .
A. helps explain artificial intelligence B. can be misleading to robot making
C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series D. is too limited for us to reproduce it
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles .
A. can hardly ever be found B. is still beyond our capacity
C. causes little public concern D. has aroused much curiosity
34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of .
A. affirmation B. skepticism C. contempt D. respect
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants
B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI
C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable
D. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control
2019–9
Text 4
States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online
purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with
lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.
The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions
that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions
made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s
purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a ware-
house or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers
were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they
weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each
year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and
results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four
other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term
prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing
field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since
they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be
charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax
nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase
is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales
tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have
to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a
few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses
outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for
smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling
Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales
tax from customers and send it to the state.
Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local
2019–10
and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only
retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying
with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council
advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are
not well served at all by this decision.”
36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will .
A. better businesses’ relations with states
B. put most online businesses in a dilemma
C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax
D. force some states to cut sales tax
37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions .
A. have led to the dominance of e-commerce
B. have cost consumers a lot over the years
C. were widely criticized by online purchasers
D. were considered unfavorable by states
38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has .
A. hindered economic development B. brought prosperity to the country
C. harmed fair market competition D. boosted growth in states’ revenue
39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?
A. Internet entrepreneurs. B. Big-chain owners.
C. Third-party sellers. D. Small retailers.
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author .
A. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences
B. describes the long and complicated process of its making
C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them
D. cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications
2019–11
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list
A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly
placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of
beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that
divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and
work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal
fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual
respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means
to “win” an argument.
B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful
not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to
evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments,
but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same
critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in
your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next
time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and
honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk
with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view.
Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially.
Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think
of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even
when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as
dismal if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis games. Pairs
of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who
entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try
to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
2019–12
E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie
wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument—and that is to
avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken
view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social
lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as
a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.
You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their
views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help
you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can
help you win—in one way.
G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the
minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,”
neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other,
and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose
you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live
in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher
minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now
we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since
we both care about needy workers.
41. → 42. → F → 43. → 44. → C → 45.
2019–13
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,
and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad
much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of
a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than
one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to
suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of
nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay
press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural
Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website,
attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem
is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career
advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication,
which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process
at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published
twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10
years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying
to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an
applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times
a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being
that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This
would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite
themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for
similar favours.
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publi-
cations or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity.
Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess
2019–14
researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that
our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions
encourage that kind of science.
2019–152021 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It _____(1)in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then_____(2)starts to slowly decline as we age. But_____(3)aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle loss and the_____(4)of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the_____(5)that lifestyle factors might help prevent or_____(6)this type of decline. The researchers looked at data that_____(7)measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and_____(8)that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people_____(9)higher measures of abdominal fat_____(10)worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years_____(11). For women, the association may be_____(12)to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be_____(13)It is hoped that future studies could_____(14)these differences and perhaps lead to different_____(15)for men and women. _____(16)there are steps you can_____(17)to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental _____(18). The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your_____(19)of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style_____(20)that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods. 1.【题干】1._____ 【选项】 A.pauses B.return C.peaks D.fades 【答案】C 2.【题干】2._____ 【选项】 A.alternatively B.formally C.accidentally D.generally 【答案】D 3.【题干】3._____ 【选项】 A.while B.since C.once D.until 【答案】A 4.【题干】4._____ 【选项】 A.detection B.accumulation C.consumption D.separation 【答案】B 5.【题干】5._____ 【选项】 A.possibility B.decision C.goal D.requirement 【答案】A 6.【题干】6._____ 【选项】 A.delay B.ensure C.seek D.utilize 【答案】A 7.【题干】7._____ 【选项】 A.modify B.supported C.included D.predicted 【答案】C 8.【题干】8._____ 【选项】 A.devoted B.compared C.converted D.applied 【答案】B 9.【题干】9._____ 【选项】 A.with B.above C.by D.against 【答案】A 10.【题干】10._____ 【选项】 A.above B.managed C.scored D.played 【答案】C 11.【题干】11._____ 【选项】 A.ran out B.set off C.drew in D.went by 【答案】D 12.【题干】12._____ 【选项】 A.superior B.attributable C.parallel D.resistant 【答案】B 13.【题干】13._____ 【选项】 A.restored B.isolated C.involved D.controlled 【答案】C 14.【题干】14._____ 【选项】 A.alter B.spread C.remove D.explain 【答案】D 15.【题干】15._____ 【选项】 A.compensations B.symptoms C.demands D.treatments 【答案】D 16.【题干】16._____ 【选项】 A.Likewise B.Meanwhile C.Therefore D.Instead 【答案】B 17.【题干】17._____ 【选项】 A.change B.watch C.count D.take 【答案】D 18.【题干】18._____ 【选项】 A.well-being B.process C.formation D.coordination 【答案】A 19.【题干】19._____ 【选项】 A.level B.love C.knowledge D.space 【答案】A 20.【题干】20._____ 【选项】 A.design B.routine C.diet D.prescription 【答案】C Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North. However, over the past12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order. 21.【题干】The author holds that this year's increase in rail passengers fares_____. 【选项】 A.will ease train operation's' burden. B.has kept pace with inflation. C.is a big surprise to commuters. D.remains an unreasonable measure. 【答案】D 22.【题干】The stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for_____. 【选项】 A.car drivers B.rail travellers C.local investors D.ordinary taxpayers 【答案】B 23.【题干】It is indicated in 3 that train operators_____. 【选项】 A.are offering compensations to commuters. B.are trying to repair relations with the unions. C.have failed to provide an adequate service. D.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes. 【答案】C 24.【题干】If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face_____. 【选项】 A.the loss of investment. B.the collapse of operations. C.a reduction of revenue D.a change of ownership. 【答案】D 25.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 【选项】 A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? B.Constant Complaining Doesn't Work C.Can Nationalization Bring Hope? D.Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable 【答案】D Last year marked the third year in a row of that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University. That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says. Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says. That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs. 26.【题干】According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to_____. 【选项】 A.facilitate health care reform. B.help poor families get better off. C.improve local education systems. D.lower deforestation rates. 【答案】B 27.【题干】The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_____. 【选项】 A.cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor. B.CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles. C.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers. D.economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation. 【答案】D 28.【题干】In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out_____. 【选项】 A.its acceptance level of CCTs. B.its annual rate of poverty alleviation. C.the relation of ccts to its forest loss. D.the role of its forests in climate change. 【答案】C 29.【题干】According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that_____. 【选项】 A.it will benefit other Asian countries. B.it will reduce regional inequality. C.it can protect the environment. D.it can boost grain production. 【答案】C 30.【题干】What is the text centered on? 【选项】 A.The effects of a program. B.The debates over a program. C.The process of a study. D.The transferability of a study. 【答案】A As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and- since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend? During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm. But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile. One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular pearly whites' rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed). A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever". 31.【题干】According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter. _____ 【选项】 A.changed people's impression of the Victorians. B.highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies. C.re-evaluated the Victorians' notion of public image. D.illustrated the development of Victorian photography. 【答案】A 32.【题干】What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? _____ 【选项】 A.They are in popular use among historians. B.They are rare among photographs of that age. C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions. D.They show effects of different exposure times. 【答案】B 33.【题干】What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? _____ 【选项】 A.Their inherent social sensitiveness. B.Their tension before the camera. C.Their distrust of new inventions. D.Their unhealthy dental condition. 【答案】D 34.【题干】Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was_____. 【选项】 A.a deep-root belief. B.a misguided attitude. C.a controversial view. D.a thought-provoking idea. 【答案】A 35.【题干】Which of the following questions does the text answer?_____ 【选项】 A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs? B.Why did the Victorians start view photographs? C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period? D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm? 【答案】A From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet. Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either. The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own. On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism." In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication. The endless legal battles and back-and-for at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online. 36.【题干】There has long been concern that broadband provides would_____. 【选项】 A.bring web-based firms under control. B.slow down the traffic on their network. C.show partiality in treating clients. D.intensify competition with their rivals. 【答案】C 37.【题干】Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the Fcc_____. 【选项】 A.Sticks to an out-of-date order. B.Takes an anti-regulatory stance. C.Has issued a special resolution. D.Has allowed the states to intervene. 【答案】B 38.【题干】What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3? 【选项】 A.It protects against unfair competition. B.It engages in anti-competitive practices. C.It is under the FCC's investigation. D.It is in pursuit of quality service. 【答案】B 39.【题干】Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision_____. 【选项】 A.focuses on trivialities. B.conveys an ambiguous message. C.is at odds with its earlier rulings. D.is out of touch with reality. 【答案】D 40.【题干】What does the author argue in the last paragraph? 【选项】 A.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality. B.The FCC should be put under strict supervision. C.Rules need to be set to diversify online services. D.Broadband providers' rights should be protected. 【答案】A Section II Reading Comprehension Part B The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-mass unemployment predictions? A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts. Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practices Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science _____(41)One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process. More effective marketing Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. _____(42)There are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT. Saving customers money Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much," says Domingos, _____(43) Improved accuracy Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable," says Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions." _____(44) Protecting and maintaining infrastructure A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive," says Domingos. _____(45) [A] I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for. [B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate. [C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results. [D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to. [E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money. [F] We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale. [G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates. 41.【题干】41._____. 【选项】 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G 【答案】G 42.【题干】42._____. 【选项】 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G 【答案】C 43.【题干】43._____. 【选项】 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G 【答案】E 44.【题干】44._____. 【选项】 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G 【答案】B 45.【题干】45._____. 【选项】 A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E F.F G.G 【答案】D
2022 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C
or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the
term "plant neurobiology"was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be
2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their
stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously
reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and
fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of
plants'intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that
interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in
animals,”said lead study author Lincoln Taiz,"They 10 claimed that plants have"brain-like
command centers"at their root tips."
This _11_ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12 it to an array
of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. 13 , the
signaling in a plant is only_ 14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more
than "a mass of cells that communicate by electricity," Taiz said.
"For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is
required," he 16 ."Since plants don't have nervous systems, the 17 that they have
consciousness are effectively zero."
And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can't run away from 18 ,so investing
energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary
strategy, according to the article.
1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C]collected [D]issued
2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C]compared [D] confined
3. [A] unless [B] when [C] once [D] though
4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended
5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs
6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation
7. [A] doubted [B]denied [C] argued [D] requested
8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing
9. [A]analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive
10. [A] just [B] ever [C]still [D] even
11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand
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12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing
13. [A]however [B]Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
14. [A] temporarily [B] ]literally [C]superficially [D]imaginarily
15.[A] list [B] level [C] label [D] local
16.[A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added
17.[A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D]assumptions
18.[A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D]control
19.[A] represents [B]includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes
20.[A] humble [B]poor [C] practical [D] easy
答案∶1A 2C 3D 4C 5D 6B 7C 8B 9A 10D
11C 12B 13A 14 C 15B 16D 17A 18A 19D 20B
Section II Reading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or
D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other
trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere
and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle.
They"weep"out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for
institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of
plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation
stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always
know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring
a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. "It's
like baking a cake:If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong,"she says."The object you
make is already a time bomb."
And sometimes, its not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi
began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of
roses and other items as well as a few dozen"nature carpets"-large rectangles decorated with foam
pumpkins cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets-which meant
they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.It's especially
vulnerable to light damage,and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's pumpkins, roses, and other figures
were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures. They infused some
with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals"sunscreens"because
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their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is
proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective
cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder.
Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are
increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistant professor
of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology,notes that
archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history-Stone Age, Iron Age, and
so on-after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and
what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how
in the future we'll be seen.”
21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in _.
[A] maintaining their plastic items.
[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.
[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.
[D] classifying their plastic collections.
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are
[A] immune to decay.
[B] improperly shaped.
[C] inherently flawed.
[D] complex in structure.
23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to .
[A] keep them from hurting visitors.
[B] duplicate them for future display.
[C] have their ingredients analyzed.
[D]prevent them from further damage.
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is____.
[A] costly.
[B]unworthy.
[C] unpopular.
[D] challenging.
25. In Ferreira's opinion,preservation of plastic artifacts .
[A] will inspire future scientific research.
[B] has profound historical significance.
[C] will help us separate the material ages.
[D] has an impact on today's cultural life.
答案∶21A 22C23D 24D 25B
Text2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their
options, it may be worth considering just how the point,purpose and value of a degree has changed
and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set
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up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became
devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates
in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree
is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and
that other options are available.
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn
from their millnnial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be stillset in the degree
mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove
themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the
advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.
For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first
of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates
now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense
to have two.
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to
be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that
this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire
for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and
have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core
part of Generation Z's career trajectory.
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am a
geographer or' I am a classist.'Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it's as
if they already know that their degree won't define them in the same way.
26.the author suggests that Generation Z should .
A. be careful in choosing a college
B.be diligent at each educational stage
C. reassess the necessity of college education
D.postpone their undergraduate application
27.The percentage ofUK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect .
A. Millennial's opinions about work
B. the shrinking value of a degree
C. public discontent with education
D. the desired route of social mobility
28. The author considers it a good sign that .
A. Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.
B.School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.
C. Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees
D.Parents are changing their minds about education.
29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should .
A. make an early decision on their career
B.attend on the job training programs
C.team up with high-paid postgraduates
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D. further their studies in a specific field
30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
A. Lifelong learning will define them
B. They will make qualified educators.
C. Depress will no longer appeal them.
D. They will have a limited choice of jobs
答案∶26C 27B 28C 29D 30A
Text3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers
used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on
partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded
to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would
consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual
artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences."Artists help scientists reach a
broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning."One respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month
when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four
Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data
for each season-provided by Monash Univerity's Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The
performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change
Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded
to the Nature poll, however,several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists
with their communication requirements.Nor should their work be considered only as an object of
study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project,
are able to jointly design it and can critique each other's work. Such an approach can both prompt
new research as well as result in powerful art.
More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for
Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders
deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the "visual studies" in the name. Light
was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form
the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed,and divided into more
sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could
also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature's poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a
collaboration work, both sides need to invest time,and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach
of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and
participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention,and challenge
and critique are core to both, too.
31.According to paragraph l, art-science collaborations have .
[A] caught the attention of critics
[B] received favorable responses
[C] promoted academic publishing
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[D] sparked heated public disputes
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that .
[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science
[B] science can help with the expression of emotions
[C] public participation in science has a promising future
[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations
33.Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership .
[A] their role may be underestimated
[B] their reputation may be impaired
[C] their creativity may be inhibited
[D] their work may be misguided
34.What does the author say about CAVS?
[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists
[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances
[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies
[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists
35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations .
[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations
[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition
[C] should do more than communicating science
[D] are becoming more popular than before
答案∶31B32A 33A 34B 35C
Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act 2000(ERA)prevent
an employer from firing an employee without good cause.Instead, dismissals must be justified.
Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.
Personal grievance were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from"unjustified
dismissals". The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for
workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply
give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers
and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from
firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and
overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the
difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers
or losing them.Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently -and paradoxically-laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may
be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners
from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity
and therefore on workers' wages. Indeed, in "An International Perspective on New Zealand's
Productivity Paradox"(2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of
managerial capabilities as a cause of the country's poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA's unjustified
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dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee,
employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager
to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment
arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal
regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall
well-being
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding
employees earning above a specified "high-income threshold"from the protection of its unfair
dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members'Bill tried to permit firms and high-income
employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed
were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.
36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to
[A]punish dubious corporate practices
[B]improve traditional hiring procedures
[C]exempt employers from certain duties
[D]protect the rights of ordinary workers
37.It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may
[A]hinder business development
[B]undermine managers'authority
[C]affect the public image of the firms
[D]worsen labor-management relations
38.Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?
[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.
[C]Limiting the powers of business owners.
[D]Dismissing poorly performing managers.
39.What might be an effect of ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures?
[A]Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.
[C]Society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[D]Employers need to hire new staff.
40.It can be inferred that the "high-income threshold"in Australia
[A]has secured managers'earnings
[B]has produced undesired results
[C]is beneficial to business owners
[D]lis difficult to put into practice
答案∶ 36D 37A 38D 39B 40D
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most
suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,
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which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) -7 选 5
(41) Teri Byrd
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to
be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false
Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more
important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you"enhance"enclosures, they do not
allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these intitutions, and
it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R. Sime
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But
she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial
formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students
who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national
parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation, they cannot
replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely
there must be some middle ground that balances zoos'treatment of animals with their educational
potential.
(43) Greg Newberry
Emma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work
tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research
and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting
children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care
for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies?Of course. But
they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies. A distressed animal in a zoo will
get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
(44) Dean Gallea
As a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could
properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run
zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not
for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would
be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them
down.
Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy
our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in
their natural environments.
(45)John Fraser
Emma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies
focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the
data points extracted from our studies.
Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in
connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation
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and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to
encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural
world we live in.
A. Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.
B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious
creatures in their care.
C. While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young
people down the path of related sciences.
D. Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.
E. For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats,zoos offer the best
alternative.
F. Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals'wellbeing.
G. Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link
between man and nature.
答案∶41F 42C 43A 44D45G
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.
Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes- Mark Urban
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal)was the scene of
a titanic and merciless struggle.It took place on many diffrent planes: between Napoleon's French
army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor's
difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces
of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.(46)It was also,and this is
unknown even to many people well read about the period.a battle between those who made codes and
those who broke them.
I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading
Sir Charles Omans epic History of the Peninsular War.In volume V he had attached an appendix,
The Scovell Ciphers. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French
army of Spain,and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell,an officer
in British headquarters. Oman rated Scovell's significance highly, but at the same time, the
general nature of his History meant that(48)he could not analyze carefully what this obscure
officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell
us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that
Oman's appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about
this secret war.
I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma
and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?
Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office,London, I found that he had left an extensive
journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula.What was more, many original French
dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49)There may
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have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars but it is usually
extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.
As I researched Scovell's story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work.
His status in Lord Wellington's headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were
all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and
hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than
that.(50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain.so his
attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.
答案
46、参考译文∶它曾经也是创造密码和破解密码两群人之间的一场斗争，而即使是许多熟知这段历史的人，
都对此一无所知。
47、参考译文∶附录部分例出了许多编码文件，这些文件是从在西班牙的法军中所获得，并且这些文件的
秘密通过一位英国总部官员乔治·斯克威尔的研究破解了。
48、参考译文∶他很难精准地分析这位默默无闻的长官是否曾给国家间伟大的斗争做过贡献，事实上也没
有讲述更多长官本人的事迹。
49、参考译文∶在拿破仑战争时期曾有过很多间谍及情报专员，但是通常情况下很难去找到他们实际中提
供或使用过的材料。
50、参考译文∶正如破解密码与西班牙的战争有着更为广泛的联系一样，他多次试图谋求职位晋升的尝试
充分展示了当时英国社会的现状。2023 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including
China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically 1 outside the walls of a city
or village and were usually funded by governments of 2 .
This word “Caravanserais” is a 3 of the Persian word “karvan”, which means a group of
travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to
4 groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, 5
merchants, travellers or pilgrims.
From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes become more developed, the
6 of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.
Travellers on the Silk Road 7 possibility of being attacked by thieves or being 8 to
extreme conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed 9 they could be
reached in a day’s travel time.
Caravanserais served as an informal 10 point for the various people who travelled the
Silk Road. 11 , those structures became important centers for culture 12 and interaction,
with travelers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs, 13 talking knowledge with them,
greatly 14 the development of several civilizations.
Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and 15 in the trade of
goods along the Silk Road. 16 , it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their
wares and 17 supplies for their own journeys. It is 18 that around 12,000 to 15,000
caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, 19 only about 3000 are known to remain
today, many of which are in 20 .
1.A.displayed B.occupied C.located D.equipped
2.A.privately B.regularly C.respectively D.permanently
3.A.definition B.transition C.substitution D.combination
4.A.classify B.record C.describe D.connect
5.A.apart from B.instead of C.such as D.along with
6.A.construction B.restoration C.impression D.evaluation
7. A.doubted B.faced C.accepted D.reduced
8. A.assigned B.subjected C.accustomed D.opposed
9. A.so that B.even if C.now that D.in case
10. A.talking B.starting C.breaking D.meeting
11. A.By the way B.On occasion C.In comparison D.As a result
12. A.heritage B.revival C.exchange D.status
13. A.with regard to B.in spite of C.as well as D.in line with
14. A.completing B.influencing C.resuming D.pioneering
15. A.aided B.invested C.failed D.competed
16. A.Rather B.Indeed C.Otherwise D.However
17. A.go in for B.stand up for C.close in on D.stock up on
18.A.believed B.predicted C.recalled D.implied
19.A.until B.because C.unless D.although
20.A.ruins B.debt C.fashion D.series
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will
be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how
climate change is taught in Texas schools.
Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed
change to science standards for pre-teen pupils. These would emphasise the primacy of human
activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.
Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. “They casually dismiss the career
work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn, senior
communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public
education，“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by
the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship.”
Such debate reflects fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers,
policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the
facts of climate change in schools.
A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of
scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate
change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst
performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest
grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.
Glenn Branch, the centre’s deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards
is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards.
Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, “that does not mean it will
be taught”, he says.
Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some
ages — such as earth and space sciences in high schools — it is not as well represented in
curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and
chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.
Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect
scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted
perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian
think-tanks and energy industry associations.
21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned to .
A.forecast a policy shift in Texas schools
B.stress the consequences of climate change
C.indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting
D.draw the public’s attention to energy shortages
22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?
A.She exaggerates the existing panic.
B.She denies the value of scientific work.
C.She shows no concern for pre-teens.
D.She expresses self-contradictory views.
23.The study mentioned in Paragraph 5 indicates that .
A.climate education is insufficient at state public schools
B.policy makers have little drive for science education
C.Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks
D.environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision
24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the US .
A.call for regular revision
B.require urgent application
C.have limited influence
D.cater to local needs
25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schools .
A.agree to major public demands
B.reflects teachers’ personal bias
C.may misrepresent the energy sector
D.can be swayed by external forces
Text 2
Communities throughout the region have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since
sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now, with record-high home prices and historically low
inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry
that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term
rental market.
In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing
advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained
market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns
to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.
“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing, so anytime you’re taking the tool
out of the toolkit for communities to address this, you’re potentially taking supply off the market
that’s already incredibly stressed,’’ said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce
Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New
Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are
having a hard time finding a place to live,’’ Taylor said.
However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, a crucial part of the economies
in places like Nantucket, Cape Cod, or the towns that make up New Hampshire’s Seacoast and
Lakes Region, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of the Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors.
“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those
people coming in short term,’’ Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.’’
Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an affordable
housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston. “I think individuals being able
to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just
empty, why can’t you make money off it?’’ Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers
attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities — de facto hotels — to bypass taxes and
regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but
disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?’’ Horn said.
At the end of 2018, Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential
investor-buyers. “The bill requires every rental host to register with the state, mandates they carry
insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy,’’ the Globe reported.
Boston took things even further, limiting who is authorized to rent out their home, and requiring
renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.
Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit other struggling cities and towns.
The only way to solve the issue, however, is by creating more housing. “If we want to make a
change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.’’
26. Which the following is true of New England?
A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.
B. Its communities are in need of funding.
C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly
D. Its home prices are under strict control.
27. The bill mentioned in the Paragraph 2 was intended to .
A. curb short-term rental speculation.
B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.
C. punish illegal dealings in housing.
D. allow a free short-term rental market.
28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to support .
A. further investment in local tourism.
B. in increase in affordable housing.
C. strict management of real estate agents.
D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.
29. What does Horn emphasize in paragraph 5 .
A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.
B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.
C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.
D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.
30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements is .
A. an irrational decision.
B. an unfeasible proposal.
C. an unnecessary measure.
D. an inadequate solution.
Text 3
If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of
Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the
same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James
Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company
currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.
The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had
introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The
Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books
from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them
to their relevant sections”.
PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:
“Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in
the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we
are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower
overall levels of stock. We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning
within our bookshops. “We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return
and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and
book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since
2018.”
In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers - as have customers, who might expect
the new titles from the country’s biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book
retailer. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely
on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying
for an end to the dispute.
It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed
merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number
of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more
conformity in terms of what is published. And one wonders if PRH would have been confident
enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it weren’t quite such a big company (it was
formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013) and likely to get bigger.
“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary
agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers
consolidating to deal with Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity
in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact,
choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have
come from small publishers.”
31. The author mentions two books in the paragraph 1 to present .
A.an ongoing conflict
B.an intellectual concept
C.a prevailing sentiment
D.a literary phenomenon
32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?
A.To make them easily noticeable.
B.To comply with PRH's requirement.
C.To respond to PRH's business move.
D.To arrange them in a systematic way.
33. What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?
A.Their customers remain royal.
B.The credit limit will be removed.
C.Their stock is underestimated.
D.The book market is rather slack.
34.What can be one consequence of current dispute?
A.Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.
B.Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.
C.Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name author's books.
D.Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.
35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie's view?
A.Small publishers ought to stick together.
B.Big publishers will lose their dominance.
C.The publishing industry is having a hard time.
D.The merger of publisher is a worrying trend.
Text 4
Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in rescarch. Each year researchers publish
millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of
those papers in a number of ways,including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by
the title's impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of
scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers
they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
Citation cartels. where journals,authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers,
have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious
citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportiorately cite one another and groups of
journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.
Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged:so-called support service
consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individilal authors and to
journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
The advent of electronic publishing and authors' need to find outlets for their papers resulted
in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn't far behind.These journals can
act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of
papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article
and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is
not profiting at all——it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an
article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.
How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?In one example, an individual-acting as
author,editor, and consultant - was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles
published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation
database, which includes a high number of the new "international"journals.In fact,a listing in
Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation
Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice.Red flags include a large
number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of
citation cartel activities:when
an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige
and do report the request to the journal.
36. According to passage 1，the carriers of scientists can be determined by .
A.how many citations their papers contain
B.how many times their papers are cited
C.the prestige of the people they works with
D.the status they have in seientific circles
37.The support service consultancies tend to .
A.Recommmend journals to their clients
B.list citations patterns for their clients
C.asks authors to include extra citations
D.advise contributors to cite each other
38. The function of the “milk cow"journals is to
A.boost citation counts for certain authors
B.help scholars publish articles at low cost
C.instruct first-time contributors in citation
D.increase the readership of new journals
39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraph?
A.It fosters competition among citation providers.
B.It has the capability to identify suspicious citation.
C.It hinders the growth of international journals.
D.It is established to prevent citation manipulation.
40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulation?
A.Take legal action.
B.Demand an apology.
C.Seek professional advice.
D.Reveal their misconduct.
Part B
Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two
extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. Last year marks the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the
renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of
iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies.
B. Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one
to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts —
and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of
vivid photographs.
C As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the
expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them,
along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization,
particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,”
says Murphy.
D Through the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the “collodion
process” that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture, then expose them and
develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom. The crude technique required educated
guesses on exposure times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist
in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging
from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful, to casual portraits of
expedition members at the camp.
E The journey officially began in Ogden, Utah, on June 8,1871. Over nearly four months,
dozen of man made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone
River and around Yellowstone lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in fort Bridger,
Wyoming.
F Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the
area's riches, most Americans did not. That's why Hayden's expedition aimed to produce a fuller
understanding of the yellowstone river region, from it's hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of
flora and fauna. In addition to the entourge of scientists, the team also included artists : Painter
Thomas Moran and photographer Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural
beauty and sharing it with the world.
G The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor.
In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting yellowstone in early
1872 . That March, President Ulysses S.Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone
as the world's first national park. while some locals opposed to the designation, the decision was
largely accepted-and Jackson's photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area. I don't
believe that the legal protection would have happened in the timeframe that it did without those
images , says Heather Hansen, journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls, Rangers and Rogues,
Bisonord Bears : 100 years of the national Park Service.
H Perhaps most importantly, the images provided documentary evidence that later made its
way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s
observation into an extensive rep aimed at convincing Senators and Representatives, along with
colleagues at government agency like the department of Interior that Yellowstone ought to be
preserved.
41. — A — 42. — E — 43. — H— 44. — 45.
41.B 42.F 43.D 44.C 45.G
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing.For example, AI
can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to 'speak' to
a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through
the analysis of big data. (46) AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers
regarding their hobbies, favourite celebrities and fashions to provide unique content in marketing
messages put out through social media. At the same time AI can also be used to generate content
for social media posts and chat sites.AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to
communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs.
The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about
trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of
interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47) Some believe that
AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but
they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information. By allowing AI to
develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand
narrative. (48) Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these
concerns, especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with
customers will be.
For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming
more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult. (49) If customers
are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to
function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and
communication. Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements, the use of
AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing
content, but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target
customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices
used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages inappropriate forms,
including emails, social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate
frequency. (50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to
the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.
答案：
46. 就顾客的喜好、最爱的名人及潮流服饰方面而言，人工智能也可用于辨别顾客的这些生
活选择，由此在通过社交媒体推送的营销信息中提供专属的内容。
47. 有的人认为人工智能会降低创造性、减少工作岗位，从而对营销者的形象造成负面影响，
但他们也知道，人工智能是降低成本和催生新信息的一种途径。
48. 用于模拟人类互动行为的算法正在催生许多这方面的担忧，尤其是在大家无法完全确定
运用人工智能和顾客互动会产生何种后果时。
49. 若顾客不愿分享数据，人工智能便会缺失关键信息，无法有效运作，也不能运用机器学
习来优化其营销内容和交流。
50. 敏锐捕捉目标客户需求，对营销信息进行非侵扰式的传播，这对数字营销者而言是一项
重大挑战。2024 年英语一：完形 + 阅读 + 新题型原文
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to
open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping
provide general 3 to commercial buildings.
Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six
years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They 5 as a novelty feature, but as
their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.
Particulary 7 in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors 8 crowd
management by reducing the obstacles put in people 's way.
9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many
of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the
side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller
buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 12 the way for a large,
sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each 13 specific
signals to tell them when to open. 14 these methods differ, the main 15 remain the same.
Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a
signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed
in. 18 , a busy street migle not 19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be
opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.
1.A.Through B.Despite C.Besides D.Without
2.A.revealing B.demanding C.improving D.tracing
3.A.experience B.convenience C.guidance D.reference
4.A.previously B.temporarily C.successively D.eventually
5.A.held on B.started out C.settled down D.went by
6.A.relations B.volumes C.benefits D.sources
7.A.useful B.simple C.flexible D.stable
8.A.call for B.yield to C.insist on D.act as
9.A.As well as B.In terms of C.Thanks to D.Rather than
10.A.connected B.shared C.represented D.occupied
11.A.allow B.expect C.require D.direct
12.A.adopt B.lead C.clear D.change
13.A.adapting to B.deriving from C.relying on D.pointing at
14.A.Once B.Since C.Unless D.Although
15.A.records B.positions C.principles D.reasons
16.A.controls B.analyses C.produces D.mixes
17.A.decorate B.compare C.protect D.complement
18.A.In conclusion B.By contrast C.For example D.Above all
1
19.A.identify B.suit C.secure D.include
20.A.appropriate B.obvious C.impressive D.delicate
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a
curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in
1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.
Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal
was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of
weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for
almost two millennia.
Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the
raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early
17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate.
This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes.
The idea that one might burn down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce,
costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.
The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel
Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was
driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who
simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.
Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't
changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports
cars, but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of
sports cars since 1695, but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.
I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I
am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've
learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it’s the
cheap technologies that change the world.
The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing
but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of
surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few
niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.
21. The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of ________.
A.saving them for future use
B.keeping them from rusting
C.letting them grow in value
D.hiding them from the locals
2
22. The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to _____.
A.highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists
B.illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period
C.contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails
D.show the preciousness of nail-making tecnology at that time
23. What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?
A.Increased productivity.
B.Wider use of new energies.
C.Fiercer market competition.
D.Reduced cost of raw materials.
24. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nails________.
A.have undergone many technological improvements
B.have remained basically the same since Roman times
C.are less studied than other everyday products
D.are one of the world's most significant inventions
25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?
A.Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.
B.Technological innovation is integral to economic success.
C.Techconoly defines people's understanding of the world.
D. Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.
Text 2
Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more
contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such
as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young
as four will help to look after younger ones and “baby-wearing”, in which infants are carried in
slings, is considered the norm.
According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University,
these practices, Known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.
Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into
western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The
residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure
could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to mirror the
unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.
In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that
the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history.
This abrupt shift to an “intensive mothering narrative”, which suggests that mothers should
manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. “Such narratives can lead to maternal
exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, “ they wrote.
By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half
3
of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of
Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18
weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks
than during most of humans' evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could
reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a “knock-on” benefit to a child's
wellbeing. An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers - this
contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four
children aged two to three.
While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age
playgroups, researchers said that western “instructive teaching”, where pupils are asked to sit still,
may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chaudhary said that
Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance
their own social development.”
26. According to the first two paragraph, alloparenting refers to the practice of _______ .
A.sharing child care among community members
B.assigning babies to specific adult caregivers
C.teaching parenting details to older children
D.carrying infants around by their parent
27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate _______ .
A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication
B. an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture
C. the conventional parenting style in western culture
D. the differences between western African ways of living
28. According to Paragraph 4, the “intensive mothering narrative”_________.
A.alleviate parenting pressure
B.considerate family relationships
C.results in the child-centered family
D.departs from the course of evolution
29. According to paragraph 6, what can we learn about nursery in the UK？
A.They tend to fall short of official requirements.
B.They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.
C.They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.
D.They should try to prevent parental depression.
30. Which of the following would be the best title？
A.Instructive teaching: a dilemma for anxious parents
B.For a happier family, learn from the hunter-gatherers
C.Mix-aged playgroup, a better choice for lonely children
D.Tracing the history of parenting: from Africa to Europe
4
Text 3
Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy
landscapes. He has made illustrations for games such as Sony’s Horizon Forbidden West,
Ubisoft’s Anno, Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he’s become a sudden hit
in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.
His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source
AI art generator Stable Diffusion, which was launched late last month. The tool, along with other
popular image-generation AI models, allows anyone to create impressive images based on text
prompts. For example, type in “Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce
dragon Greg Rutkowski,” and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles
away from works in Rutkowski’s style.
But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet, often without
permission and proper attribution to artists. As a result, they are raising tricky questions about
ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.
According to the website Lexica, which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated
by Stable Diffusion, Rutkowski’s name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times. Some of
the world’s most famous artists, such as Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, and Leonardo da Vinci,
brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less. Rutkowski’s name also features as a prompt
thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator, Midjourney. Rutkowski was
initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences. Then he tried
searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published. The online search
brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn’t his.
"It’s been just a month. What about in a year? I probably won’t be able to find my work out
there because [the internet] will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski says. “That’s concerning.”
“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,”
says Ortiz. The group is in its early days of mobilization, which could involve pushing for new
policies or regulation. One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public
domain, and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.
31. What can be learned about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?
A.He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.
B. He is popular with the users of an AI art generator.
C. He attracts admiration from other illustrators.
D. He specializes in classical painting digitalization.
32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they
A.lack flexibility in responding to prompts
B.produce artworks in unpredictable styles
C.make unauthorized use of online the ages
D.cdlect user information with that consent.
33.After searching online, Rutkowski found ____.
A.a unique way to reach audiences
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B.a new method to identify Al images
C.AI-generated work bearing hisnare
D.heated disputes regarding his cape copyright
34.According to Ortiz, Al companies are advised to _____.
A.campaign for new policies or regulations
B.offer their services to public institutions
C.strengthen their relationships with Al users
D.adopt a different strategy for Al model training
35.What is the text mainly about?
A.Artists' responses to Al art generation.
B.Al's expanded role in artistic creation.
C.Privacy issues in the application of Al.
D.Opposing views on AI development.
Text 4
The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths, but in the complexity of its natural
construction, the interaction of fresh and saline waters, and the mix of land and water. The
shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters, filtering pollutants
from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.
All this was put at great risk late last month, when the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in
an idaho case that provides the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to
regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically, a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by
the EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a “continuous surface connection” to
bodies of water. This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders, mining
operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules. And it carries
"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States," as
Justice Brett Kavanaugh oberserved.
In Maryland, the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands
protections. But that's a very shortsighted view, particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.
The reality is that water, and the pollutants that so often come with it, don’t respect state
boundaries. The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into
Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, the District of Columbia and Delaware. Will
those jurisdictions extend the same protections now denies under Kavanaugh. EPA? Perhaps some,
but all? That seems unlikely. It is too easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely
standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.
And it's a reminder that the EPA’s involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program has long been
crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring
states. Pennsylvania framers, to use one telling example, aren’t thinking about next year’s blue
crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spend animal waste on their fields, yet the
runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impact downstream.
And so we would call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing
their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can offer
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them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Chester County where bald eagles fly over
tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.
It’s worth the scenic drive.
36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in paragraph l as________.
A.a valuable natural environment
B.a contoversial conservation area
C.a place with commercial potential
D.a headache for nearby communities
37.The U.S.Supreme Court’s ruing in the Idaho case
A.reinforces water pollution control
B.weakens the EPA’s regulatory power
C.will end conflicts among local residents
D.may face opposition from mining operators
38.How doesn't the author fell about future of the chesapenke Bay ?_______.
A.worried
B.Puzzled
C.Relieved
D.Encouraged
39.What can be inferred about the EPA’s involvement in the chesapeake Bay Program?
A.It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.
B.It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.
C.It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.
D.It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.
40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should___.
A.be cautious about the influence of landowners
B.attach due importance to wetlands protections
C.recognize the need to expand wildlife refuges
D.improve the wellbeing of endangered species
Part B
Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra
subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41.Hannah
Simply, there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that par
t of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes. These should be available to them
as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride. There is no good rea
son that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspira
7
tion of the generations to which they were left. They serve no purpose in a museum in the United
States or elsewhere except as curious objects. They cannot be compared to works of art produced f
or sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.
42.Buck
We know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced. Perhaps museum
s and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means o
f resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities. The context of any exhibit is m
ore important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old. In
many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.
Again, the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters. The monetary value of the objects on di
splay is a distant second place in importance.
43.Sara
When visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art, I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinese sc
ulpture. It inspired me to learn more about the culture that it represented. Artifacts in museums ha
ve the power to inspire, and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their cre
ators. Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should, i
n fact, be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan, legally purchased, or obtained by treaty. Ste
aling artifacts from other peoples' cultures is obscene; it robs not only the physical objects, but the
dignity and spirit of their creators.
44. Victor
Ancient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned…
45. Julia
To those of you in the comments section, by all means, who are having strong feeling about artifac
ts being removed from cities in the US and Britain, I would ask you to consider......
A.It's clear that the countries of origin have never been compensated for the stolen architects.
B.It's a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of arranging.
C.Museum visitors can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returned.
D.Reproductions, even if perfectly made, cannot take the place of the authentic objects.
E.The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of arranging rather than
anywhere else.
F.Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.
G.Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return the artifacts of other countries.
41-45 答案：EDFGB
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
"Elephants never forget"— or so they say— and that piece of folklore seems to have some
foundation.
The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37
African countries. （46）They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and
are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using
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tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have "remarkable spatial acuity", when finding
their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a
distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest
water hole. （47）The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where
they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as
following familiar routes .
Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,
smell may well play a part.
Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their
food.（48）One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,
but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight
is actually not very good.
（49）The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very
characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more, they can be
detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial
factor in guiding elephants — and probably other herbivores — to the best food resources.
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid
when foraging freely. They then set up a “food station” experiment, in which they gave elephants
a series of choices based only on smell.（50）The experiment showed that elephants may well use
smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the
trees within each patch. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate
their preferred food.
答案
（46）它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使
它们不在视线范围内。（2 分）
（47）研究人员相信，大象总是知道它们相对于所有所需资源的准确位置，因此可以走捷径，
并遵循熟悉的路线。（2 分）
（48）有一种可能性是，大象只是利用视觉并尝试他们发现的植物，但这可能会浪费大量的
时间和精力，特别是因为它们视力实际上不是很好。（2 分）
（49）植物产生的易挥发的化学物质可以被携带很长距离，而且它们是特异性的：每一种植
物或树都有自己独特的气味。（2 分）
（50）实验表明，大象可以很好地利用嗅觉来识别适合食用的树丛，并评估每一片树丛中树
木的品质。（2 分）最后更新：2026-07-29 · 考研冲刺君团队整理 · 内容持续维护